Stage Fright, Fear of Public Speaking, Glossophobia: Information, tips and help in Berlin & online
Hypnotherapy and Hypnobalancing™ in BerlinFrequently asked question
What is speaking anxiety?
Public speaking anxiety is a form of social anxiety disorder that is triggered by the fear of speaking in front of others. Also known as glossophobia, public speaking anxiety can cause physical symptoms such as increased heart rate, shortness of breath, and even panic attacks.
What are signs of speech anxiety?
Some of the most common symptoms of speech anxiety are: Shaking, sweating, sinking feeling in the stomach, dry mouth, fast heartbeat and an unsteady voice.
What is the cause of speech anxiety?
Speaking anxiety is a phobia that can result from a combination of genetic tendencies and other environmental, biological, and psychological factors. People who have a fear of public speaking may be afraid of embarrassing themselves or being rejected. Speech anxiety, performance anxiety, and glossophobia may be related to experiences,
What is the fear of speaking in front of other people called?
The intense fear of speaking in front of other people is called glossophobia. People with this disorder typically experience anxiety and distress when speaking in front of a group of people.
Why do people suffer from speech anxiety?
The strong fear of speaking in front of other people (glossophobia) often arises when people associate major consequences of communicating their ideas in front of other people. This may be the case, for example, when a speech is seen as a potential threat to their credibility, image, and chance of reaching an audience.
How common is speech anxiety?
The fear of speaking in front of an audience is common. It can range from mild nervousness to paralyzing anxiety and panic attacks. Many people who suffer from this fear avoid speaking opportunities altogether, or suffer from it with shaking hands and a shaky voice.
May anxiety cause problems with speaking?
Anxiety can, in some cases, interfere with the ability to speak clearly when communicating with others. It can cause speech to be slower or faster than normal, and in some cases speech can become slurred or choppy.
Why is it important to overcome speech anxiety?
It can appear difficult to overcome speech anxiety. Because it is so easy to avoid most situations, avoidance behavior dominates. However, overcoming speech anxiety is important for many reasons, in your personal life as well as in your professional or business life.
Overcome stage fright with hypnosis
Learn how to perform without fear; anytime, anyplace, anywhere. Overcome stage fright with hypnosis. With hypnotherapy and Hypnobalancing™, you can address and revise any negative perceptions, beliefs, thoughts, images, and predictions related to public speaking or performing.
Overview
- Stage fright
- Symptoms of stage fright
- Avoidance isn’t a solution
- How to overcome stage fright
- Influence factors on stage fright
- Frequently asked questions
- Is stage fright the same as social anxiety disorder?
- Many people with stage fright try to keep it hidden and suffer in silence
- Related articles
- Your therapist
- What does hypnotherapy cost?
- Therapy duration
- Appointment booking
- You are not in Berlin or prefer an alternative to sessions in my practice?
- Preparing for your first session
- The first session
- Self-hypnosis
- Just ask me personally
- P.S.
- Comments
Intense fear of performing in front of an audience
Stage fright or performance anxiety is the anxiety, fear, or persistent phobia which may be aroused in an individual by the requirement to perform in front of an audience, whether actually or potentially, for example when performing before a camera. In the context of public speaking, this may precede or accompany participation in any activity involving public self-presentation.
There are four different parts of stage fright:
- Anticipation
Anticipation is the expectation of negative and unrealistic images of the performance. - Avoidance
Avoidance is the desire to avoid doing the task. - Fear
Panic and anxiety are the symptoms experienced before the presentation in front of an audience. - Appraisal
An appraisal is a period after a performance when the performer looks back on how the activity was done.
Many people feel a degree of nervous apprehension when preparing to speak up or perform in front of a group. But those who are filled with feelings of dread and panic in such a situation may be suffering from a form of social anxiety disorder, also known as social phobia.
The fear of public speaking or performance anxiety, often called stage fright, exacts a huge toll on self-confidence and self-esteem and causes some people to leave school or a job or pass up a promotion. Many, including professional performers, suffer in silent terror. And because they feel embarrassed, people try to keep their fear a secret, even from a spouse or other close family members or friends.
Symptoms of stage fright
The fear of public speaking is very common, it can affect everyone. Most people have some kind of fears in front of an audience whether it’s talking in front of a small group of peers at work, or giving a formal speech in front of a large audience. Sometimes the fear is so intense that it is essential to deal with it.
Many people experience stage fright without any wider problems. For some of my clients, the anxiety is severe enough to be classified as a phobia. In those cases, stage fright may be a part of a larger pattern of social phobia or social anxiety disorder. A phobic reaction means that someone avoids speaking in public at all costs, and if he has to do so, it would likely cause a panic attack.
Quite often, stage fright arises in a mere anticipation of a performance, often a long time ahead and has numerous manifestations. The intensity of anxiety can be really different.
Stage fright symptoms are part of the body’s primary threat response, also known as the fight or flight syndrome.
Two types of anxiety symptoms are associated with public speaking:
1. Anticipatory Anxiety
Symptoms start before the speaking event. For some, they begin days, weeks or even months before the speaking event. For others, they begin only minutes before speaking. Whether mild or severe, anticipatory anxiety starts at some point prior to the actual speaking event.
2. Event Anxiety
Symptoms occur while presenting, rather than prior to the presentation.
Possible symptoms of stage fright
- Anxiety
- Increased heart rate
Fluttering or pounding heart. - Tight chest
- Blushing
- Tremor in the hands and legs
- Dizziness
- Excess Sweating
Especially sweaty hands. - Digestive problems
Diarrhea - Facial nerve tics
- Dry mouth
- Blackout
- Avoidance
Avoiding work, meetings or giving speeches.
For many of my clients, their sensitivity to speak in front of others impacts the quality of their work and the potential for being promoted. This can place limits on the professional life. And the fear of public speaking can interfere with the quality of the social life. The good news is that hypnotherapy with Hypnobalancing™ and other effective methods can greatly assist you to anticipate public speaking calmly and relieve these symptoms.
Glossophobia
Glossophobia: Glosso from the Greek, meaning tongue, and Phobus, fear.
Sometimes, anxiety happens long before the anticipated activity. Concerning public speaking, this type of fear is known as glossophobia or speech anxiety, which is the fear of speaking before an audience.
Most people with glossophobia do not exhibit symptoms of other types of social phobias, such as fear of meeting new people or fear of performing tasks in front of others, provided they do not have to talk. Nonetheless, stage fright is a relatively common experience in those with glossophobia.
Complications of Glossophobia
Glossophobia is very limiting in many ways. The vast majority of careers involve some level of public speaking, from participating in meetings to giving presentations to clients. It also can happen at a social gathering, where the thought of meeting new people cause you to become nervous and edgy. If the phobia is severe, you may find yourself unable to perform these necessary tasks, and this can lead to consequences like losing your job.
People who suffer from social phobias also have a higher than normal risk of developing conditions such as depression or other anxiety disorders. This is likely due to the feelings of isolation that can develop over time.
Avoidance isn’t a solution
Avoidance may give immediate relief, but it reinforces the fear in the long run. With training, it is possible to improve your speaking or performance skills, but it’s generally not enough to substantially reduce your fear. With hypnotherapy, you can address and revise any negative perceptions, beliefs, thoughts, images, and predictions related to public speaking or performing. And it’s often helpful to uncover the deeper fears related to being seen and heard by others, showing vulnerability, and being considered less than perfect. Learning to accept yourself and not feeling that you have to prove yourself to others is at the root of healing.
How to overcome stage fright, glossophobia and Co.
Learning to improve your speaking or performance skills is good, but it’s generally not enough to substantially reduce your fear of public speaking. You have to address and revise any negative perceptions, beliefs, thoughts, images, and predictions related to public speaking or performing. And it’s often helpful to uncover the deeper fears related to being seen and heard by others, showing vulnerability, and being considered less than perfect. Learning to accept yourself and not feeling that you have to prove yourself to others is at the root of healing.
I recommend that you learn skills to reduce and manage your fear and anxiety and not resort to using medication alone. It’s also critical to learn techniques to stop the cycle of avoiding fearful situations. Avoidance may give you immediate relief, but it reinforces your fear in the long run. Avoidance is what stabilizes a phobia.
If you are willing to stop avoiding your fears and learn new skills to reduce and manage them, I will help you to develop an empowering belief and trust in yourself. In facing your fear, it becomes possible to overcome intense stage fright and performance anxiety and to find comfort and ease in expressing yourself in front of others.
Let go of stage fright and the fear of public speaking
In the nineties, I started to train people and their presentation skills. Most of the participants had some anxiety when they had to enter the stage. With a bit more training usually they let go of the limiting kind of stage fright, but some didn’t. A few still suffered from stage fright even after practicing many times.
I learned that in such cases the anxiety can be really profound and need more than the common steps. As a coach and trainer, I had some experience and training to help those people, but I wasn’t allowed to do it when it came closer to psychotherapy. As the result, I gained the official allowance to do psychotherapy. Since then I had a lot of time to help people with stage fright. Some even travel to Berlin to work with me.
What do I do?
Let me say it this way; you will discover how to:
- Break through your feelings of intense fear and loss of control associated with speaking or performing in front of others.
- Minimize your uncomfortable physical symptoms associated with panic.
- Reduce the dread of anticipating a speaking or performing event.
- Eliminate your need to avoid situations of speaking or performing because of fear.
- Create a relaxed and confident state of mind and body in preparing to speak or perform.
- Transform your fear into a positive energy and power in speaking and performing that you never imagined possible.
Influence Factors On Stage Fright
The experience of stage fright is affected by those factors:
1. Genes
Genetics play a role in how strong our feelings of anxiety are in social situations. Some people are simply genetically wired to feel more scared when performing or speaking in public than others.
2. Level of task mastery
Practice makes perfect. The advantage of practice is to increase our familiarity with a situation. As this familiarity increases, feelings of anxiety decrease, and have less of a negative impact on performance. The anxiety we feel about speaking in public will be less, the more comfortable we feel with our presentation.
3. Stakes
Sometimes when we give a presentation, the stakes are high. When the stakes increase, it triggers the release of more adrenaline and can result in paralyzing fear and anxiety.
Frequently asked questions …
Here are some answers to frequently asked questions about stage fright and hypnotherapy.
Is stage fright the same as social anxiety disorder?
A bit anxiety in front of an audience is a common experience but severe stage fright, also known as performance anxiety, can be diagnosed with a social anxiety disorder if a number of criteria are met. For example, in case you nearly always experience physical symptoms in the feared situation, and the fear severely impacts your daily functioning.
Usually, stage fright is diagnosed with specific social anxiety disorder rather than generalized social anxiety disorder because it is a fear of only one or a few specific social or performance situations. Good news: Specific social anxiety disorder is generally more easily overcome than generalized social anxiety disorder because it is usually less severe and less chronic.
In some cases, stage fright, also known as performance anxiety, may be a part of a larger pattern of social phobia or social anxiety disorder, but many people experience stage fright without any wider problems.
Why does hiding my phobia make it worse for me?
Many people with stage fright try to keep it hidden and suffer in silence. There are many causes of stage fright, but the most common is that the individual lacks self-confidence. Being unprepared and forgetting the lines are good reasons for the anxiety. Some individuals fear that they look witless and that they would gain the antagonism of the audience. The best explanation is that stage fright is a physiological reaction. When the body is presented with a stimulus; its reaction is excitement or fear. The symptoms of stage fright – sweating, trembling, palpitations – are typical of a surge of adrenaline. The stricken speaker seizes up, both physically and mentally; the mouth goes dry, breathing becomes short and shallow, vision blurs and concentration evaporates. In extreme cases, it can trigger vomiting and diarrhea. And no one’s going to go on after that.
In case you suffer from stage fright: You are not alone. It was Mark Twain who coined the term stage fright, and though he claimed to have experienced it only once. Statistics say that the fear of public speaking is the number one fear in surveys. Many people with this fear try to keep it hidden and suffer in silence.
Why? Some believe it is bad for their reputation. The truth is that this problem does not reflect a character flaw or weakness. Many capable and accomplished people suffer from this problem. There appears to be a combination of nature and nurture at play, which creates the source of this problem.
How to Decide to Ask for Help
Overcoming Doubts About Seeking Support
Are you wondering whether you need professional help to recover? You might feel that you should handle things on your own, or that seeking help means you’re not strong enough. Perhaps you are afraid that discussing your issues could worsen your symptoms. These concerns are natural, but addressing them can clear the way for meaningful progress.
The Value of Reaching Out
Taking the step to seek help doesn’t mean you’ve failed. It’s a sign of emotional strength and self-awareness. Therapy offers the chance to balance personal autonomy with the support of a trusted professional. An experienced therapist will guide you at a comfortable pace, never pressuring you to discuss topics you’re not ready for. Emotional resilience grows through learning when and how to seek support while maintaining independence.
Assessing the Impact of Symptoms
To determine if professional assistance might benefit you, consider how your symptoms affect your daily life:
- Are your relationships fulfilling and healthy?
- Can you focus and perform effectively at work?
- Do you feel joy and satisfaction in your daily life?
- Is there a sense that life could be more fulfilling?
If your symptoms limit your ability to thrive in these areas, reaching out for help could be a valuable step.
Who Can Assist You?
Are you thinking about working with me? If you know someone I’ve helped, their experience might provide valuable insights. If not, explore the resources on this website to get a clear impression of my approach and expertise. Trust is the cornerstone of effective therapy, and I strive to build it through transparency and openness.
Meet Your Therapist
Specialized Care for Anxiety, Fear, and Trauma
With over 20 years of experience, I have focused my practice on helping individuals overcome fears, anxiety disorders, and trauma. Each week, I dedicate approximately 20 hours to empowering clients to break free from their limitations and achieve a higher quality of life.
A Trust-Based, Personalized Approach
Therapy is a personal journey. To build trust and provide transparency, I offer insights into my professional background and therapeutic philosophy in my profile. This openness sets the stage for a collaborative relationship, ensuring you feel supported and understood.
Flexible Language Options
To meet your unique needs, sessions are available in German and English. This flexibility ensures effective communication and comfort for all clients.
What does hypnotherapy cost?
Here are some organizational details. Please read them before the appointment reservation. People often ask, "How much does hypnotherapy cost?" What is meant by this are the presumed total costs, which result from the fee and the duration of the psychotherapy with hypnotherapy.
Fee for psychotherapy
Hourly Rates
The fees for a 60-minute psychotherapy session during regular business hours (Monday to Thursday, 10:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m.) are as follows:
A. Online or telephone sessions: €189
B. In-person sessions at my office: €229
C. Flexible scheduling (short-term appointment changes up to 24 hours in advance for A or B: Additional €45 per session.
Psychotherapy services are VAT-exempt according to § 4 No. 14 a) UStG.
Terms and Conditions
Scheduling
General appointments are available Monday to Thursday, 10:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m.
Sessions outside these hours, on weekends, or public holidays, incur a 35% surcharge.
The minimum session duration is 60 minutes, with additional time billed in 30-minute increments.
Rescheduling Policy
Sessions lasting up to 120 minutes may be rescheduled once, with at least 72 hours’ notice.
Longer sessions or sessions exceeding 120 minutes in a week require at least 14 days’ notice for rescheduling.
Missed or late cancellations are charged in full. Rescheduled sessions must be used within 12 months.
Alternatives for Missed Appointments
If you cannot attend in person, you can switch to an online video or telephone session at the scheduled time.
Payment Terms
Payment must be fully received via bank transfer 7 days before the appointment.
Cash payments on the day of the session may be allowed on a case-by-case basis; please inquire in advance.
Package Offers
Package deals are not available for psychotherapy services.
Travel Expenses
Travel, accommodation, and per diem expenses are charged separately.
For travel within Berlin, a minimum hourly rate applies.
Travel outside Berlin is billed based on time and effort, subject to individual agreement.
Personalized and Non-Transferable Services
All bookings are exclusively for one-on-one sessions and are non-transferable.
Right of Withdrawal
The provisions of the Distance Selling Act (Fernabsatzgesetz) apply to services booked by telephone, letter, email, or online form.
You may cancel a booking within 14 days of purchase without providing a reason.
If the service begins within the withdrawal period, the registration is considered a request to initiate service early.
Cost Coverage by Health Insurance Companies and Other Insurers
National health insurance companies typically do not cover psychotherapy fees. However, policies vary, so you must contact your insurance provider to clarify their specific guidelines and coverage options.
What You Need to Know
- Invoice Classification:
You will receive an invoice from me, classified according to ICD-10 standards, to assist with any reimbursement claims. - Prior Approval:
Please discuss your therapy plans with your insurer in advance to avoid unexpected issues. - Application Support:
If additional documentation or applications are required by your insurer, we can address this together during our sessions.
For more information or assistance, feel free to reach out to me directly.
Therapy Duration and Expectations
Initial Session
The first therapy session lasts 90 minutes. This extended duration allows us to establish a foundation, understand your unique concerns, and set goals for your therapy journey.
Follow-Up Sessions
Subsequent sessions are typically 60 minutes long. The number of sessions required varies significantly based on individual personalities and specific circumstances.
Typical Session Range
- For anxiety disorders, clients often attend 3 to 8 sessions.
- By the second session, many clients gain clarity about their commitment and therapy trajectory.
Personalized Guidance
After the initial sessions, I will provide an estimate of the number of sessions you may need based on your progress and my professional experience. This collaborative approach ensures that therapy is tailored to your specific needs and goals.
Appointment booking
Please read the important information before making an appointment with me, including the contraindications for psychotherapy with hypnotherapy. I have answered frequently asked questions for you. For the success of your therapy, this information is of crucial importance. If this attracts you, then you can find out about booking your appointment here. The better you are informed, the faster we can focus on you and your wishes.
To make an appointment, you can preferably contact me by e-mail (mail@noack-hypnose.de) or by using the contact form (privacy policy) as well as by phone 01577 704 53 56 or 030 - 864 213 69. You will then receive a confirmation of your reservation by e-mail. In this reply, you will find the details for the first session. This usually happens within 24 hours. If you do not receive a reply, it could be because an email has ended up in the spam filter. In such a case, please call me.
There are only a few practice hours available, and they want to be used well. The fee for individual session hours is therefore always to be paid in full by bank transfer, with payment received at least 7 days before the session.
Why at least 7 days in advance? I would like to do it differently, but this is the best practice. Appointments that have not been confirmed with payment received seven days in advance are noticeably more likely to be canceled. And the repeated callbacks take up a lot of time. Because of this, I'm currently faced with the decision of whether and how to either significantly adjust fees to absorb this or to consistently organize in a way that is fair to all parties. Because of this, I am also offering options in terms of shifting appointments with the fees.
There is a maximum of 20 hours a week available for psychotherapy, and any canceled appointment means patients are unable to benefit from psychotherapy help. I understand that it would be more convenient for you otherwise, but this solution is the fairest for all involved.
You can use real-time bank transfer (costs 25 Ct. at Sparkasse Berlin, for example) for time-sensitive appointments, and the transfer takes a few minutes, or we can make an appointment with appropriate advance preparation. If this is not an option for you, please let me know immediately so that I can assign your appointment. Otherwise, I appreciate your understanding and look forward to intensive cooperation.
Preparation for the first session
With the confirmation of your appointment, you will receive recommendations on how to prepare for your first session with me. With your appointment confirmation, you will receive recommendations on how to prepare for your first session with me. You will also get an overview of what to consider regarding the Coronavirus during in-office appointments and how to prepare best for online sessions.
The first session: Step by step
The optimal prerequisites are set right at the beginning. In the first meeting, we create the basis for intensive cooperation. Step by step:
1. Preparation
The first session is generally 90 minutes so that there is enough time for an in-depth preliminary discussion, in which we can clarify questions. Then we begin with a detailed dialogue, with the anamnesis, in order to adapt the therapeutic plan individually to your personal needs. For this purpose, we define your goals and motives and discuss the steps.
2. First intervention
As soon as you are ready for it, we get to work. You set the pace. In the second part of the session, we figure out the easiest way to get you into a comfortable, relaxed hypnotic state. You will experience an introductory trance. This enables access to your unconscious and permits initial suggestions. How far we proceed with this in the first session will be determined by your reactions. Finally, I gently lead you out of the trance.
3. Evaluation, options, and outlook
Following the first trance, I will respond to your questions, and we will discuss how to proceed with your hypnotherapy. In most cases, you will receive recommendations you can apply to complement and enhance the work we do together, even beyond the sessions. It is crucial that you not only feel better in the session, but also have an improvement in your everyday life. The more effectively we work together, the sooner I make myself superfluous as your therapist. That's it!
You are not in Berlin or prefer an alternative instead of coming to me?
You are not in Berlin or do not want or cannot come to the practice for other reasons? Then it is worth reading the following information about the options:
a. Travel to Berlin
For clients traveling to Berlin, there is the possibility, if booked in advance, to hold 2 sessions on the same day. It should be discussed in advance by telephone whether this is a recommendable option, as it requires appropriate prerequisites. Any sources of additional pressure should be avoided in the interest of the therapeutic success.
Here you will find further information when considering to travel to me in Berlin.
b. Online sessions
At times a personal meeting is not possible. In such cases, a telephone session or a session with video support via the Internet is an alternative or supplement. I have been using this setting for many years, and many clients have achieved excellent results with it. These experiences make it easy to achieve very intensive sessions in this way as well. You are more flexible and can also use my support very promptly. There are currently reduced fees for such sessions.
You are also on the safe side regarding the coronavirus. By the way, this is also an option if you should be unexpectedly unable to attend a session personally.
Self-hypnosis
When appropriate, I will teach you self-hypnosis to complement the hypnosis sessions. Self-hypnosis is a tool to control unconscious processes and thus mental states by yourself.
After you enjoyed positive trance experiences with my support, you can learn self-hypnosis very quickly. This helps you to progress self-determined. It accelerates the process, deepens, and consolidates what has been achieved in the therapy sessions. Your autonomy is thus fostered. A good therapist makes himself superfluous as soon as possible. Self-hypnosis is an excellent method of self-help that can be used beyond the actual issue.
Just ask me personally.
Let's talk. Please read the privacy policy. If you are interested, you can contact me for questions and appointments via this contact form or by e-mail (mail@berlin-hypnosis.com). Make sure I understand what you are asking for.
You can find answers to frequently asked questions, such as fees, on the home page. There are also lots of articles and details about me (profile) to help you get an idea of who I am. This will also make it easier for you to decide if I am the right therapist for you and your problem.
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Important Information Before Contacting Me
Read This First
Before reaching out, please take the time to review the detailed information on the following topics:
- Fees and Booking Procedures
- Contraindications for Hypnotherapy
- Answers to Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
About This Page
This page is designed to provide essential information for individuals interested in psychotherapy through hypnotherapy. However, it is not intended to replace professional psychotherapy, medical consultations, examinations, or diagnoses by a licensed medical practitioner.
My Role and Expertise
I am a hypnotherapist licensed to practice psychotherapy under the HPG (Heilpraktikergesetz). My work focuses on helping people manage anxiety and anxiety disorders. It is important to note the following distinctions:
- I am not a medical doctor.
- I do not provide medical diagnoses, prescribe medications, or make promises of healing.
- Hypnotherapy is not a substitute for medical or psychiatric care where such intervention is necessary.
Contact Me
If you have any questions about psychotherapy with hypnotherapy, feel free to reach out. I am happy to provide more information and guide you on how hypnotherapy can support your journey to improved well-being.
Articles
What causes public speaking anxiety?
If you know the causes of your speaking anxiety, it can be more easily resolved. Here are 12 common causes of speaking anxiety.
Causes and duration of treatment of anxiety and anxiety disorders
I am frequently asked about the origin and duration of treatment for anxiety and anxiety disorders. Here is my personal response.
Is anxiety only in your mind?
We often hear that fear is purely a matter of the head. And if it is only a thought, it can’t be that bad, can it?
Anxiety and overweight: The often underestimated relationship
What about the relationship between anxiety and being overweight? Some evidence suggests that obesity is positively associated with anxiety disorders in adults.
10 tips to help people with an anxiety disorder
Friends and family members can help those with anxiety and anxiety disorders. Here are 10 tips.
Do you know my kind of fear?
Sometimes I get telephone calls or emails with the question if I have heard about this specific type of fear before. Most of the time I can say „Yes!“ and other times I am surprised. Truth is that the list of fears and phobias is endless.
Many people with stage fright try to keep it hidden and suffer in silence
Many peaople with stage fright keep it hidden and suffer.
I want to overcome my fear of public speaking
Get help when you suffer from stage fright. Psychotherapy in Berlin with hypnosis, hypnotherapy, and Hypnobalancing™
Is stage fright the same as social anxiety disorder?
A bit of anxiety in front of an audience is a common experience but severe stage fright, also known as performance anxiety, can be diagnosed with a social anxiety disorder if a number of criteria are met. For example, in case you nearly always experience physical symptoms in the feared situation, and the fear severely impacts your daily functioning.
Published: March 1, 2008
Author: Karsten Noack
Revision: June 25, 2020
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